📖 相关成语
第53章 · 原文
现代白话译文
假如我稍微有些知识,就在大道上行走,唯恐走入了邪路。大道很平坦,但人君却喜欢走小路。朝政非常腐败,农田非常荒芜,仓库非常空虚;穿着华丽的衣服,佩戴锋利的宝剑,吃腻精美的饮食,占有过多的财货;这叫作强盗头子。这是无道啊!
多版本对照
王弼注(魏晋)
言若使我可介然有知.行大道于天下.唯施为是畏也.言大道荡然正平.而民犹尚舍之而不由.好从邪径.况复施为以塞大道之中乎.故曰大道甚夷而民好径.朝宫室也.除洁好也.朝甚除则田甚芜食甚虚.设一而众害生也.凡物不以其道得之则皆邪也.邪则盗也.夸而不以其道得之.盗夸也贵而不以其道得之窃位也.故举非道以明.非道则皆盗夸也.
河上公注(汉)
使我介然有知,行於大道,介,大也。老子疾時王不行大道,故設此言,使我介然有知於政事,我則行於大道,躬無為之化。唯施是畏。唯,獨也。獨畏有所施為,失道意。欲賞善,恐偽善生。欲信忠,恐詐忠起。大道甚夷,夷,平易也。而民好徑。徑,邪不平正也。大道甚平易,而民好從邪徑也。○好,去聲。朝甚除,高臺榭宮室修。田甚蕪,農事廢,不耕治。○蕪,音無。倉甚虛;五穀傷害,國無儲也。服文綵,好飾偽,貴尚華。帶利劍,尚剛強,武且奢。厭飲食,財貨有餘;多嗜欲,無足時。是為盜夸。百姓不足而君有餘者,是由劫盜以為服飾,持行夸人,不知身死家破,親戚并隨也。非道哉﹗人君所行如是,此非道也。復言哉者,痛傷之辭。
苏辙《老子解》(北宋)
體道者無知、無行、無所施設,而物自化。今介然有知而行於大道,則無所施設建立,非其自然有足畏者矣。 大道夷易,無有險阻,世之不知者,以為迂緩,而好徑以求捷。故凡合其自然而有所施設者,皆欲速者也。 朝甚除,田甚蕪,倉甚虛。服文釆,帶利劍,厭飲食,貨財有餘,是謂盜夸。非道也哉。 俗人昭昭,我獨若昏;俗人察察,我獨悶悶。豈復飾末廢本以施設為事,夸以誨盜哉?
王夫之《老子衍》(明末清初)
天下不勝「知」也。「知」而「施」之,則物之情狀死於己之耳目,而耳目亦將死於情狀矣。然則將去知乎?而知亦無容去也。有知者,有使找知者。知者自謂久知,而使我知者用其「介然」而已。知「介然」之靡常,則己無留好。己無留好,而天下不羨其留,雖施不足畏,而況於知?俄頃之光,而終身之據;已尚之物,亦從而尚之。莽、操之奉堯、舜為竽,黃巾、赤眉之奉湯、武為竽,與陰陽之沴奉凝滯之衝氣以為竽而盜其生等也。道之不可以「介然」行也,如斯夫!
憨山德清《老子道德经解》(明)
此章示人立言之指,使知而行之,欲其深造而自得也。老子自謂我所言者,皆人人日用中最省力一著工夫。明明白白,甚容易知,容易行。只是人不能知,不能行耳。以我言言事事,皆以大道為主,非是漫衍荒唐之說。故曰言有宗,事有君。宗,君,皆主也。且如一往所說,絕聖棄智,虛心無我,謙下不爭,忘形釋智,件件都是最省力工夫,放下便是,全不用你多知多解。只在休心二字,豈不最易知最易行耶。然人之所以不能知者,因從來人人都在知見上用心。除卻知字,便無下落。以我無知無識一著,極難湊泊,所以人不知我耳。故曰夫惟無知,是以不我知。然無知一著,不獨老子法門宗旨,即孔子亦同。如曰吾有知乎哉,無知也,有鄙夫問於我空空如也,此豈不是孔聖亦以無知為心宗耶。此夫子見老子後,方得妙悟如此。故稱猶龍,正謂此耳。然以無知契無知,如以空合空。若以有知求無知,如以水投石。所以孔老心法,千古罕明。故曰知我者希。若能當下頓悟此心,則立地便是聖人,故曰則我者貴。則,謂法則。言取法也。聖人懷此虛心妙道以遊世。則終日與人周旋,對面不識。故如披褐懷王。永嘉云,貧則身常披縷褐,道則心藏無價珍。此一章書,當在末後結束。蓋老子向上一往所言天人之蘊,至此已發露太盡,故著此語。後章只是要人在日用著力做工夫,以至妙悟而後已。
李涵虚《道德经注释》(清)
(河上公注本作益证章,彭本作介然章) 【使我介然有知,行于大道,惟施是畏。大道甚夷,而民好径。朝甚除,田甚芜,仓甚虚。服文彩,带利剑,厌饮食,财货有余,是谓盗竿。非道也哉!】 我:言我家也,非老圣自称之词也。介然:特操也。我家性体圆明,使我介然自定,有特操,有圆觉。躬行大道,唯施是畏。施则顺出成凡,多损我之真精,故以是为可畏也。夫积精累气可以成真,此大道平夷之路,人所共由者也。民心好径,争入邪途。妄作招凶,精枯神散。如朝廷之故官,既行除削,则元阳之尽失也。如田畴之疆畔,胥入荒芜,则关窍之皆塞也。如仓廪之积储,咸归虚耗,则精气之皆亡也。彼但服文彩,带利剑,征逐于饮食之徒,妄想乎资财之足。若是者,专以窃道名为心,如人隔墙用竿,暗挑物件,是称为盗竿而已。必非道哉!必非道哉!
黄元吉《道德经真义》(清)
使我介然有知,行于大道,惟施是畏。大道甚夷,而民好径。朝甚除,田甚芜,仓甚虚;服文綵,带利剑,厌饮食,财货有余,是谓盗竿。非道也哉! 君子之道,造端夫妇;圣人之道,不外阴阳。苟能顺天而动,率性以行,成己为仁,成物为智。合内外而一致,故时措而咸宜。有何设施之不当,足令人可畏乎哉?无如道本平常,并无隐怪;末世厌中庸中喜奇异,遂趋于旁蹊曲径而不知。有如朝廷之上,法度纪纲,实为化民之具,而彼昏不觉,概为改除。且喜新进而恶老臣,好纷更而变国政。先代典型,尽为除去,犹人身之元气伤矣。朝无善政,野少观型。于是堕农自安,田土荒芜,草菜不治,财之源穷矣。靡费日甚,仓廪虚耗,菽粟无存,财之储罄矣。非犹人身之精气,概消磨而无复有存焉者乎?不图内实,只壮外观。由是衣服必极光华,刀剑务求精彩,饮食须备珍馐,财货更期充足,不思根本之多匮,惟期枝叶之争荣。如此而欲取之无尽,用之不竭,在在施为,俱无碍也,不亦离乎?是皆由不须自然之天,日用常行之道,有以致之也。犹盗者窃物。藏头露尾,如竿之立,见影而不见形——喻修道者之以假乱真也。大道云乎哉! 此介然有知,是忽然而知,不待安排,无事穿凿。鸿鸿濛濛,天地初开之一气,先天原始之祖气是。是即孟子乍见孺子之入井,皆有怵惕恻隐之一念。吾道云从无知时忽然有知,真良知也。此等良知之动,知之非艰,而措之事为,持之永久,则非易耳。当其动时,眼前即是,转瞬而知诱物化,欲起情生,不知不觉,流于后天知识之私。此须而施之,所以可畏也。惟眼有智珠,胸有慧剑,识破妖魔,斩断情丝,自采药以至还丹,俱是良知发为良能,一路坦平,并无奇怪,此大道所以甚夷也。无奈大道平常,而欲躁进以图功者,往往康庄不由,走入旁蹊小径,反自以为得道,竟至终身不悟,良可慨也夫!朝喻身也,身欲修饰,不欲覆灭,必须闲邪存诚,而后人欲始得净尽,天理乃克完全。久久灵光焕发,心田何致荒芜之有?精神团结,仓廪何至空虚之有?不文绣而自荣,匪膏粮而克饱,又何服文采,厌饮食之有?且慧剑锋锐,身外之利刃无庸;三宝克全,身内之货财不竭。若此者,真能盗天地灵阳之气以为丹者也。胡今之人,不由中庸,日趋邪径;一身尘垢,除不胜除?而且妄作招凶,元阳尽失。于是纷来沓往,并鲜空洞之神。荒芜已极,关窍非尽塞乎?力倦神疲,毫无充盈之象。空乏堪嗟,精气非尽塞乎?徒外观之有耀,而文采是将;徒利剑之锋芒,而腰带是尚。亦已末矣!乃犹厌饮食以快珍馐,好货财以期丰裕,何不思学道人巧用机关,盗回元气,固求在内而不在外者也。《易》曰:“作易者其知盗乎?”正此之谓也。若舍此而它图,支离已甚,敢云大道?他注云,“介然”数句,是倏忽而有一线之明,何尝非知。但验诸实行,每多穷于措施,故云可畏。此明大道之不易也。下一节言学者不探本源而徒矜粉饰,不求真迹而徒务虚名,是犹立竿见影,得其似不得其真,故谓之盗竿。此讲亦是。古来凡有道者,肌肤润泽,毛发晶莹,等等效用,要皆凡人所共有,然未可以为定论也。又况炼精炼气,阳光一临,阴霾难固,犹霜雪见日而化。故陈年老病,悉化为疮疡脓血,从大小二便而出,不但初学有之,即至大丹还时,亦有变化。三尸六贼,流血流脓,臭不堪闻者,惟有心安意定,于道理上信得过,于经典中参得真足矣。须知遏欲存诚,去浊留清,层层皆有阴气消除,阳气潜长,学道人不可不知以外之事。莫说身体光荣,行步爽快,不可执以为凭,即飞空走雾,出鬼没神,霎阳千变,俄顷万里,亦不可信以为道。盖奇奇怪怪,异端邪教,必惑奇途,造成异类。可惜一生精力,竟入左道旁门!欲出世而涉于三途六道,不亦大可痛哉?太上此章大意,教人从良知体认,方无差误。无奈今之学道者,只求容颜细腻,身体康强,岂知外役心劳,而良田荒芜,宝仓空旷,先天下精气为所伤者多矣。后天虽具,又何益乎?果然三宝团聚,外貌自然有光。彼驰之于外,而矜言衣食者,何若求之于内,而先裕货财也。内财既足,外财自赅。岂同为盗者,不盗天地灵阳之气,而徒盗圣人修炼之名也哉?
魏源《老子本义》(清)
此章皆言道之极贵欲人知贵而求之也。夫尊行之可加于人。而致使居天子三公之位。则尊贵孰甚焉。美言可市。而至于百朋之锡。不若一言之赠。则宝贵孰甚焉。然则古人所以尊贵宝贵此道者何故邪。岂不以其为善人之宝而求则得之。为不善人之所保而有罪以免邪。其为天下至贵。不亦宜乎。吴氏澄曰。室西南隅之奥。尊者所处。故以譬道之最贵也。有道之人。命以君师之位。使为天子三公。皆以道贵也。朝聘之享。驷马陈于庭。先执拱璧以将命。其礼重矣。然犹不如跪而进此道之贵也。李氏嘉谟曰。贤者以道为宝。故乐得其得。不贤者非道莫保。故乐免其罪。由其根于人心之自然。无使之者。故言行依于道。则其美可市。其尊可加乎人。苟非人心之自然。则言而不从。行而不应矣。安能若此乎。由人各根于道。故不幸而陷于不善。圣人亦何忍弃之。是以立天子。置三公。非苟富贵之也。盖不欲遂弃人于不善。还以斯道善之而已。吕氏惠卿曰。万物之生。未有一物不具此道者也。惟善人知其答之所自出。则得之而有无穷之富。不善人自知其不善。则虽有万恶。亦可涣然而释矣。夫言美可市。行尊可加。则人固无善不善。皆知美所美而尊所尊也。况有道之于人。如天地之无不覆载。非特可市可加而已。则于人之不善。何弃之有哉。}}
马王堆帛书异文(西汉)
使我介有知,行于大道,唯施是畏。大道甚夷,民甚好解。
郭店楚简异文(战国)
此章缺
老子想尔注(东汉·张陵/张道陵)
此版本暂未收录(现存考古残本,仅存53章中部分章节)
道德真经指归(汉·严遵)
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临川集·老子注(宋·王安石)
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多语言译本 / Multilingual Translations
D.C. Lau 刘殿爵(香港汉学家)
Were I possessed of the least knowledge, I would, when walking on the great way, fear only paths that lead astray. The great way is easy, yet people prefer by-paths. The court is corrupt, The fields are overgrown with weeds, The granaries are empty; Yet there are those dressed in fineries, With swords at their sides, Filled with food and drink, And possessed of too much wealth. This is known as taking the lead in robbery. Far indeed is this from the way.
Robert Henricks(马王堆帛书研究专家)
1. Were I to have the least bit of knowledge, in walking on a Great Rod, it's only going astray that I would fear. 2. The Great Way is very level; 3. But people greatly delight in tortuous paths. 4. The courts are swept very clean; 5. While the fields are full of weeds; 6. And the granaries are all empty. 7. Their clothing — richly embroidered and colored; 8. While at their waists they carry sharp swords. 9. They gorge themselves on food, and of possessions and goods they have plenty. 10. This is called thievery! 11. And thievery certainly isn't the Way!
Addiss & Lombardo
If I have slight knowledge, walking the great way, I only fear deviation. The great way is very level, but people love shortcuts. When the court is corrupt, the fields are overgrown, the granaries are empty, yet some wear embroidered clothes and carry sharp swords, gorge on food and drink, and have wealth in surplus. This is called robbery and extravagance, not the way.
Arthur Waley 亚瑟·韦利(英国汉学家经典译本)
He who has the least scrap of sense, Once he has got started on the great highway has nothing to fear So long as he avoids turnings. For great highways are safe and easy. But men love by-paths. So long as Court is in order They are content to let their fields run to weed And their granaries stand empty. They wear patterns and embroideries, Carry sharp swords, glut themselves with drink and food, Have more possessions than they can use. These are the riotous ways of brigandage; they are not the Highway.
Lin Yutang 林语堂(中国学者英译)
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Stephen Mitchell(现代流行译本)
The great Way is easy, yet people prefer the side paths. Be aware when things are out of balance. Stay centered within the Tao. When rich speculators prosper While farmers lose their land; when government officials spend money on weapons instead of cures; when the upper class is extravagant and irresponsible while the poor have nowhere to turn- all this is robbery and chaos. It is not in keeping with the Tao.
日本語訳 Japanese Translation
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