📖 相关成语
第44章 · 原文
现代白话译文
名声与生命相比哪个亲切?生命与货利相比哪个贵重?得到与失去相比哪个有害?过分爱惜必招致巨大的破费,过多的贮藏必招致惨重的损失。所以知道满足就不会受屈辱,知道适可而止就不会有危险,这样可以长久。
多版本对照
王弼注(魏晋)
尚名好高.其身必疏.食货无厌.其身必少.得多利而亡其身.何者为病也.甚爱不与物通.多藏不与物散.求之者多.攻之者众.为物所病.故大费厚亡也.
河上公注(汉)
名與身孰親?名遂則身退也。身與貨孰多?財多則害身也。得與亡孰病?好得利則病於行也。甚愛必大費;甚愛色,費精神,甚愛財,遇禍患,所愛者少,所亡者多,故言大費。多藏必厚亡。生多藏於付庫,死多藏於丘墓,生有攻劫之憂,死有掘冢探柩之患。知足不辱,知足之人,絕利去欲,不辱其身。知止不殆,知可止則財利不累身,聲色不亂於耳目則身不危殆也。可以長久。人能知止,足則福祿在己,治身者神不勞,治國者民不擾,故可長久。
苏辙《老子解》(北宋)
先身而後名,貴身而賤貨,猶未為忘我也。夫忘我者,身且不有,而況於名與貨乎?然貴以身為天下,非忘我不能。故使天下知名之不足親,貨之不足多,而後知貴身,知貴身,而後知忘我,此老子之意也。 不得者以亡為病,及其既得而息失,則病又有甚於亡者。惟齊有無,均得喪,而後無病也。 愛之甚,則几可以求之者無所不為,能無費乎?藏之多,則攻之者叉眾,能無亡乎?
王夫之《老子衍》(明末清初)
所謂至人者,豈果其距物以孤處哉?而坐視其變,知我之終無如物何,而物亦終無如我何也。故「辱」有自來,而「辱」或無自來;」殆」有自召,而「殆」或不召而至。然而以「身」捷得其眚而受其「名」,則不如無居之為愈也。故謂之善愛「名」而善居「貨」,善襲「得」而善遣「亡」。「得」之於「身」,聽然以消陰陽之沴;得之於天下,泮然以斃虎兕之威。
憨山德清《老子道德经解》(明)
此言君天下者,當以靜勝為主,不可以力相尚也。夫流之在下者,如江海,眾水歸之。故大國之在天下,眾望歸之。故如流之在下,以為天下之交。納汙含垢,無所不容。又虛而能受,如天下之牝也。凡物之雌曰牝,雄曰牡,牡動而牝靜。動則不育,靜能有生,是牝以靜勝牡也。以此譬喻聖人之德。然聖人為天下牝者。以天下之人,衣食皆賴之以生,爵祿皆賴之以榮,萬幾並集於一人。故君道無為,而皆任其所欲,各遂其所生。所謂萬物皆往資焉而不匱,此似牝以靜勝牡也。是則靜為群動之歸趨,故以靜為下。大字小,如母育子。小事大,如子奉母。精神相孚,相得最易,故如掇之也。然大字小,必有所容。故曰或下以取。以,猶左右之也。小事大,必有所忍。故曰或下而取。而,因而取之也。皆無妄動之過,故交歸焉。且大國之欲,不過兼畜人,非容無以成其大。小國之欲,不過入事人,非忍無以濟其事。兩者既各得其所欲,而大者更宜下。何也。以大國素尊,難於下耳,故特勉之。此老子見當時諸侯,專於征伐,以力不以德,知動不知靜,徒見相服之難,而不知下之一字,為至簡之術。蓋傷時之論也。
李涵虚《道德经注释》(清)
(河上公注本作立戒章,彭本作为名章) 【名与身孰亲?身与货孰多?得与亡孰病?是故甚爱必大费,多藏必厚亡。知足不辱,知止不殆,可以长久。】 身亲于名,身多于货。得身无病,亡身有病。此理之晓然者也。故太上以孰亲、孰多、孰病觉之,所以动其良心,使人自悟,非同乎后世训文,一味责备,反令舆情不服。此太上谦和之德也。然世有亲其名而疏其身,多其货而少其身,得身不以为贵,亡身不以为痛者。如此沉迷,要皆名利心重,保身心轻者也。岂如喉中气断,大限来临,名归乌有,货归子虚,亡入鬼趣,难复人身,是则可痛也已!夫人生在世,成我名者损我神,入悖货者亦悖出,即所谓甚爱大费,多藏厚亡者也。爱至于大费,是辱也。藏至于厚亡,是殆也。皆非长久之计也。太上以慈悲之心,立言觉以教人曰:“知足不辱,知止不殆,可以长久。”其斯为圣人之德也夫。
黄元吉《道德经真义》(清)
名与身孰亲?身与货孰多?得与亡孰病?是故甚爱必大费,多藏必厚亡。知足不辱,知止不殆,可以长久。 夫人之好名好货者,莫不以名能显扬我身,货足肥润我身——身若无名,则湮没不彰矣;身若无货,则困苦难堪矣。是以贪名者,舍身而不顾;黩货者,丧身而不辞。贾子曰:“贪夫徇财,烈士徇名。”人情类然,古今同慨。然亦思名与身孰亲耶?以名较之,名外也,身内也。人只为身而求名,何以因名而丧身?岂名反亲,而身反疏乎?货与身孰多耶?以身拟之,身贵也,货贱也,人皆为身而求货,何以因货而亡身?岂身反少而货反多乎?亦未思之甚也!夫有名而性不存,与有身而名不显,孰得焉、孰失焉?舍身而货虚具,与失货而命常凝,孰存耶、孰亡耶?以是思之,与其得名货而失身,不如得身而失名货之为愈。况好名货者,损精神伤生命,甚爱所以大费也;厚储蓄者,用机谋,戕身心,多藏所以厚亡也。望重为国家所忌,积厚为造物所尤。古来势大而罹祸,财多而受诛者,不知凡几!皆由不知敛抑,不自退藏,贪多不止,以致结怨于民,获罪于天也。惟知足知止者,一路平常,安稳到底。无辱无殆,不危不倾,而长保其身,并及其子孙。范蠡所以无勾践之患,张良所以有赤松之游也。诚知几之士哉!后起者,将有鉴于斯文。 此借知足知止喻止火养丹,以名喻景,货喻药。贪幻景者多被魔缠,好搬运者难免凶咎。药未归炉,宜进火以运之;药既入鼎,宜止火以养之。火足不知止火,非但倾丹倒鼎,致惹病殃,并且丧命焚身,大遭危殆。又况大道虚无,并无大异人处。或贪美酒美味,艳色艳身,金玉珠玑,楼台宫殿;又或天魔地魔,鬼魔神魔,种种前来试道——或充为神仙,夸作真人,自谓实登凌霄宝殿——因此一念外驰,以致精神丧败,大道无成者不少;又或识神作崇,三尸为殃,自以为身外有身,而金丹至宝,遂戕贼于倾刻者亦多。若此等等,总由火足不止火,丹回不养丹,所以志纷而神散,外扰而中亡。修炼之士,幻名幻象,幻景幻形,须一笔勾销,毫不介意,如此知止知足,常养灵丹,则止于至善,永无倾颓焉。
魏源《老子本义》(清)
王氏弼曰。母。本也。子。末也。得本以知末。则不舍本以逐末也。兑者事欲之所由生也。门者事欲之所由从也。无事永逸。故终身不勤。不闭其源。故终身不救。为治之功不在大。见大不明。见小乃明。守强不强。守柔乃强也。焦氏竑曰。兑。口也。人之有口。家之有门。皆喻物所从出。塞而闭之。藏有于无。守母者也。光者明之用。明者光之体。袭常犹言袭明。密而不露也。张氏尔歧曰。此章言体道之事。始与母。指道也。子。万物也。知小守柔卽守母也。小柔卽希夷微之意。形容道妙之辞。视之而不可见者小也。能见此不可见。是曰明。守之而无可守者柔也。能守此无可守。是曰强。暂用其外见之光。后敛归其本然之明。无外驰不返以遗身殃。是与常道合一者也。吕氏惠卿曰。闻道易。得道难。得道易。守道难。今我旣得其母。以与心契。则非特闻之而已。故知天下之物。皆我之所出矣。非物之所出。而我常守之不失。则天下孰能以其所出而害其所自出哉。此所以殁身不殆也。塞兑闭门。守其母之谓也。心动于内而吾纵焉。是之谓有兑。有兑则心出而交物。塞之则心不出矣。物引于物而吾纳焉。是之谓有门。有门则物入而扰心。闭之则物不入矣。内不出。外不入。虽万物纷纭于前而不知。夫何勤之有哉。夫惟守其母则寂然不动者也。寂然不动者。常见其心于动之微。故明矣。见而常守之。则以无形之至柔。而物莫之能胜。故强矣。旣用其光以见于动之微。复归其明以返于寂然。终身未尝开兑济事以陷于不救。何殃之有。}}
马王堆帛书异文(西汉)
名与身孰亲?身与货孰多?得与亡孰病?
郭店楚简异文(战国)
此章缺
老子想尔注(东汉·张陵/张道陵)
此版本暂未收录(现存考古残本,仅存44章中部分章节)
道德真经指归(汉·严遵)
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临川集·老子注(宋·王安石)
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多语言译本 / Multilingual Translations
D.C. Lau 刘殿爵(香港汉学家)
Your name or your person, Which is dearer? Your person or your goods, Which is worth more? Gain or loss, Which is a greater bane? That is why excessive meanness Is sure to lead to great expense; Too much store Is sure to end in immense loss. Know contentment And you will suffer no disgrace; Know when to stop And you will meet with no danger. You can then endure.
Robert Henricks(马王堆帛书研究专家)
1. Fame or your body — which is more dear? 2. Your body or possessions — which is worth more? 3. Gain or loss — in which is there harm? 4. If your desires are great, you're bound to be extravagant; 5. If your store much away, you're bound to lose a great deal. 6. Therefore, if you know contentment, you'll not be disgraced. 7. If you know when to stop, you'll suffer no harm. 8. And in this way you can last a very long time.
Addiss & Lombardo
Fame and life, which is more dear? Life and wealth, which is more important? Gaining and losing, which is more harmful? Therefore excessive love must cost greatly. Much storage must suffer heavy loss. Knowing contentment avoids disgrace. Knowing when to stop avoids danger. One can endure long.
Arthur Waley 亚瑟·韦利(英国汉学家经典译本)
Fame or one's own self, which matters to one most? One's own self or things bought, which should count most? In the getting or the losing, which is worse? Hence he who grudges expense pays dearest in the end; He who has hoarded most will suffer the heaviest loss. Be content with what you have and are, and no one can despoil you; Who stops in time nothing can harm. He is forever safe and secure.
Lin Yutang 林语堂(中国学者英译)
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Stephen Mitchell(现代流行译本)
Fame or integrity: which is more important? Money or happiness: which is more valuable? Success of failure: which is more destructive? If you look to others for fulfillment, you will never truly be fulfilled. If your happiness depends on money, you will never be happy with yourself. Be content with what you have; rejoice in the way things are. When you realize there is nothing lacking, the whole world belongs to you.
日本語訳 Japanese Translation
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