📖 相关成语
第78章 · 原文
现代白话译文
天下没有什么比水更柔弱的,但攻坚克强却没有什么能胜过它,因为没有什么能改变它。弱胜过强,柔胜过刚,天下没有人不知道,但没有人能实行。所以圣人说:承担国家的屈辱,这就叫作国家的君主;承担国家的灾祸,这就叫作天下的君王。正面的话好像反话一样。
多版本对照
王弼注(魏晋)
以用也.其谓水也.言用水之柔弱无物可以易之也.
河上公注(汉)
和大怨,殺人者死,傷人者刑,以相和報。必有餘怨;任刑者失人情,必有怨及於良人也。安可以為善。言一人吁嗟則失天心,安可以和怨為善也。是以聖人執左契,古者聖人執左契,合符信也。無文書法律,刻契合符以為信也。而不責於人。但刻契之信,不責人以他事也。有德司契,有德之君,司察契信而已。無德司徹。無德之君,背其契信,司人所失。天道無親,常與善人。天道無有親疏,唯與善人,則與司契者也。
苏辙《老子解》(北宋)
天下柔弱莫過於水,而攻堅強者莫之能勝,其無以易之。故柔勝剛,弱勝強,天下莫不知,莫能行。是以聖人言:受國之垢,是謂社稷主;受國不祥,是謂天下王。正言若反。 正言合道而反俗,俗以受垢為辱,受不祥為殃故也。
王夫之《老子衍》(明末清初)
無「攻」之力,有「攻」之心,則心鼓其力。無「攻」之心,有「攻」之力,則力蕩其心。心力交足以「攻」,則各乘其權,身以內各挾其戈矛以屢變;而欲以「攻」天下,能不瓦解者,未之有矣。雖然,莫心為甚。夫水者,豈欲以敵堅彊面為攻者哉?受天下之「垢」也,終古而無「易」心,而力從之。何也?水之無力,均其無心;水之無心,均其無力也。故「弱其志」者無「易」志,「虛其心」者無「易」心,行乎其所不得已,而不知堅彊之與否,則險夷無易慮,無他,寓心於汗漫而內不自構也。寓心於汗漫,無所畏矣。內不自構,和之至矣。和於中,無畏於外,天下其孰能禦之!
憨山德清《老子道德经解》(明)
此言天道之妙,以明聖人法天以制用也。弓之為物,本弣高而有餘,弰下而不足,乃弛而不用也。及張而用之,則抑高舉下,損弣有餘之力,以補弰之不足。上下均停,然後巧於中的。否則由基逢蒙,無所施其巧矣。天之道亦猶是也。以其但施而不受,皆損一氣之有餘,以補萬物之不足,均調適可,故各遂其生。人道但受而不施,故人主以天下奉一己。皆損百姓之不足,以補一人之有餘,裒寡益多,故民不堪其命。誰能損有餘以奉天下哉。唯有道者,達性分之至足,一身之外皆餘物也。故堯舜有天下而不與,即以所養而養民,乃能以有餘奉不足也。是以聖人與道為一,與天為徒。故法天制用,雖為而不恃其能,雖成而不居其功,此損之至也。損之至,故天下樂推而不厭。雖不欲見賢,不可得也。其不欲見賢耶一句,謂我心本不欲見賢,而人自以我為賢矣。此益也,由損而至。故唯天為大,唯堯則之,此之謂也。
李涵虚《道德经注释》(清)
(河上公注本作任信章,彭本作柔弱章) 【天下柔弱,莫过于水。而攻坚强者,莫之能胜,其无以易之。弱之胜强,柔之胜刚,天下莫不知,莫能行。故圣人云:“受国之垢,是谓社稷主。受国之不祥,是谓天下王。”正言若反。】 起三句,即前所谓“天下之至柔,驰骋天下之至坚”者也。无以易之,言无他物能易此攻坚者也。柔弱胜刚强,天下皆知此理,而卒无有行之者。故太上复引圣人之言,以喻柔弱之盛德。受国之垢,受国不祥,皆圣人躬自责备,所谓朕实多咎,民有何辜?朕德凉薄,天降此殃也。正言若反者,言此圣人之正言,皆反求其身,不敢责人。盖亦柔弱之道也。
黄元吉《道德经真义》(清)
天下柔弱莫过于水,而攻坚强者莫之能胜,其无以易之。故弱胜强,柔胜刚,天下莫不知,莫能行。是以圣人云:“受国之垢,是为社稷主。受国之不祥,是为天下王。”正言若反。 太上前章言柔弱者生之徒,坚强者死之徒,是以柔弱处上,坚强处下,可知至柔而至刚,至弱而至强。当人日夜行习,在在以柔弱为善利万物而不争,常处污下而不厌。虽一滴之微,人得侮之。一勺之多,人得轻之。及其积而为渊,汇而为海,则汪洋浩瀚,能载舟亦能覆舟;能成物亦能戕物。不惟天下无以胜之,即善攻坚强者,无坚不破,无强不摧,亦莫与之抗衡。是知天下之至柔,能御天下之至刚;天下之至弱,能驱天下之至强。水哉水哉!何其柔弱如此,而刚强如彼哉?且天下之事,无有易于攻水者,而坚强卒莫能胜。人何以不居柔而俱刚,不为弱而为强者,随在皆是也?岂不知柔之胜刚,弱之胜强乎?盖以天良之动,莫不有知,而一动之后,顿为情欲所染、习俗所移,故悻悻自雄,不肯安于柔弱。是以机巧熟而义理生,嗜好偏而天真没。致令道心离,人心起;客气盛,正气消。生理无存,生机已灭,欲其生生不息也难矣。圣人云“受国之后,是为社稷主”,如成汤言“朕躬有罪,无以万方;万方有罪,罪在朕躬”。退步即为进步,所以受天命于无穷也。“受国之不祥,是为天下王。”如武王曰:“受克予,非朕文考有罪,惟予小子无良。”自后即为自前,所以荷天休于勿替也。岂同后世之卧薪尝胆,蒙垢纳污者,所得而拟议哉? 此真常不易之理,万古不磨之经,是为天下正言,而圣人则反求诸己,又何尝以此苛求于人哉?水喻一阳初动,真精始生。其机至弱,其势至柔。而渐采渐结,日益月增,以至于浩然之气,至大至刚,塞乎两大,统乎万物,而无坚不入,无强不破者焉。《悟真》云:“白虎首经至宝,华池神水真经。上善若水利源深,不比寻常药品。”顾气之柔弱,有似于水:至柔而寓自刚,至弱而兼至强,实有擎天顶地,捧日举月,呼风唤雨,驱雷掣电之威,是天下之坚强者。虽曰浩气,其实真精。须以至柔至弱之神养之,而以无为为为,无功为功,庶几得矣。其曰“受国之垢,是为社稷主;受国之不祥,是为天下王”者何?即古人反躬自责,朕实不德,民有何辜之意也。学者求之于人,何苦反修诸身之为得耶?
魏源《老子本义》(清)
此版本暂未收录
马王堆帛书异文(西汉)
天下莫柔弱于水,而攻坚强者莫之能胜也,以其无以易之也。
郭店楚简异文(战国)
此章缺
老子想尔注(东汉·张陵/张道陵)
此版本暂未收录(现存考古残本,仅存78章中部分章节)
道德真经指归(汉·严遵)
此版本暂未收录
临川集·老子注(宋·王安石)
此版本暂未收录
多语言译本 / Multilingual Translations
D.C. Lau 刘殿爵(香港汉学家)
In the world there is nothing more submissive and weak than water. Yet for attacking that which is hard and strong nothing can surpass it. This is because there is nothing that can take its place. That the weak overcomes the strong, And the submissive overcomes the hard, Everyone in the world knows yet no one can put this knowledge into practice. Therefore the sage says, One who takes on himself the humiliation of the state Is called a ruler worthy of offering sacrifices to the gods of earth and millet. One who takes on himself the calamity of the state Is called a king worthy of dominion over the entire empire. Straightforward words seem paradoxical.
Robert Henricks(马王堆帛书研究专家)
1. In the whole world, nothing is softer and weaker than water. 2. And yet for attacking the hard and strong, nothing can bear it, 3. Because there is nothing you can use to replace it. 4. That water can defeat the unyielding — 5. That the weak can defeat the strong — 6. There is no one in the whole world who doesn't know it, 7. And yet there is no one who can put it into practice. 8. For this reason, the words of the Sage say: 9. To take on yourself the disgrace of the state — this is called being the lord of [the altars of] earth and grain; 10. To assume responsibility for all ill-omened events in the state — this is called being the king of the world. 11. Correct words seem to say the reverse [of what you expect them to say].
Addiss & Lombardo
Nothing in the world is softer and weaker than water. Yet nothing attacks the hard and strong better. Nothing can change it. The weak overcome the strong, the soft overcome the hard. This is known by all but not practiced. Therefore the sage says: Receive the state's filth - this is the lord of the state. Receive the state's bad omens - this is the king of the world. True words seem contrary.
Arthur Waley 亚瑟·韦利(英国汉学家经典译本)
Nothing under heaven is softer or more yielding than water; But when it attacks things hard and resistant there is not one of them that can prevail. For they can find no way of altering it. That the yielding conquers the resistant And the soft conquers the hard is a fact known by all men, Yet utilized by none. Yet it is in reference to this that the Sage said "Only he who has accepted the dirt of the country can be lord of its soil shrines; Only he who takes upon himself the evils of the country Can become a king among those what dwell under heaven." Straight words seem crooked.
Lin Yutang 林语堂(中国学者英译)
此版本暂未收录
Stephen Mitchell(现代流行译本)
Nothing in the world is as soft and yielding as water. Yet for dissolving the hard and inflexible, nothing can surpass it. The soft overcomes the hard; the gentle overcomes the rigid. Everyone knows this is true, but few can put it into practice. Therefore the Master remains serene in the midst of sorrow. Evil cannot enter his heart. Because he has given up helping, he is people's greatest help. True words seem paradoxical.
日本語訳 Japanese Translation
此版本暂未收录