📖 相关成语
第24章 · 原文
现代白话译文
踮起脚尖想要站得高的人反而站不稳;迈着大步想要走得快的人反而走不远。自我表现的人反而不能显明;自以为是的人反而不能彰显;自我夸耀的人反而不能建立功勋;自高自大的人反而不能长久。从道的角度看,这些叫作剩饭赘瘤。人们厌恶它们,所以有道的人不这样做。
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王弼注(魏晋)
物尚进则失安.故曰企者不立.不自见则其明全也.不自是则其是彰也.不自伐则其功有也.不自矜则其徳长也.其唯于道而论之.若郄至之行.盛馔之余也.本虽美更可秽也.本有功而自伐之.故更为肬赘者也.
河上公注(汉)
跂者不立;跂,進也,謂貪權慕名,進取功榮也,則不可久立身行道也。跨者不行;自以為貴而跨於人,眾共蔽之使不得行。自見者不明;人自見其形容以為好,自見所行以為應道,殊不自知其形貌操行之鄙。自是者不彰;自以為是而非人,眾共蔽之使不得彰明。自伐者無功;所謂輒自伐取其功美,即失有功於人也。自矜者不長。好自矜大者,不可以長久。其於道也,曰餘食贅行。贅,貪也。使此自矜伐之人,在治國之道曰然斂餘祿食為贅行。物或惡之,此人在位,動欲傷害,故物無有不畏惡也。惡,去聲。故有道者不處也。言有道之人不居其國也。
苏辙《老子解》(北宋)
跂者不立,跨者不行。自見者不明,自是者不彰,自伐者無功,自矜者不長。 人未有不能立且行者也,苟以立為未足而加之以跂,以行為未足而加之以跨,未有不喪失其行立者。彼其自見、自是、自伐、自矜者,亦若是矣。 譬如飲食,適飽則已,有餘則病。譬如四體,適完則已,有贅則累。
王夫之《老子衍》(明末清初)
心彌急者機彌失,是彌堅者非彌甚。前機已往,追而綴之,如食已飫而更設。後機未至,強而屬之,如形已具而更駢。道數無窮,執偏執餘以盡之,宜其憎乎物,而傷乎己也。
憨山德清《老子道德经解》(明)
此承前章言好辯者不能持久,猶如跂跨之人不能立行,甚言用智之過也。跂,足根不著地也。跨,闊步而行也。蓋跂者只知要強高出人一頭,故舉踵而立。殊不知舉踵不能久立。跨者只知要強先出人一步,故闊步而行。殊不知跨步不能長行。以其皆非自然。以此二句為向下自見自是自伐自矜之譬喻耳。自見,謂自逞己見。自是,謂偏執己是。此一曲之士,於道必暗而不明。自伐,謂自誇其功。自矜,謂自恃其能。此皆好勝強梁之人,不但無功,而且速於取死。然此道中本無是事。故曰其在道也,如食之餘,如形之贅,皆人之所共惡。而有道之士,以謙虛自守,必不處此。故曰有道者不處。以其不能合乎自然也。
李涵虚《道德经注释》(清)
(河上公注本作苦恩章,彭本作跂跨章) 【跂者不立,跨者不行。自见者不明,自是者不彰,自伐者无功,自矜者不长。其在道也,曰:余食赘行。物或恶之,故有道者不处也。】 跂:望也。跨:趋也。跂则首仰,不能久立。跨则足病,不能久行。自见自是,自矜自伐,皆是不信自然之辈,终无所成者也。以此论行道之法,有如吃饭太饱,走路太多,必不能做功夫。比之于犬,过饱则病。比之于牛,过劳则困。故曰:物或恶之也。而况于人乎?故有道者不处此也。
黄元吉《道德经真义》(清)
跂者不立,跨者不行,自见者不明,自是者不彰,自伐者无功,自矜者不长。其于道也,曰余食赘行。物或恶之,故有道者不处。 前云希言自然,非若世之蚩蚩蠢蠢,顽空以为无为,放旷以为自然者比。其殆本大中至正之道,准天理人情,循圣功王道,操存省察,返本还原,以上合乎天命,故无为而无不为,自然而无不然也。《易》曰“穷理尽性,以至于命”,殆其人欤?过则病,不及亦病。《书》曰“无偏无党,王道荡荡”是也。即如人之立也,原有常不易。跂者,两足支也。《诗》曰“跂予望之”,以之望人,则可高瞻远瞩,若欲久立,其可得乎?跨者两足张也,以之跨马,则可居于鞍背,若欲步行,又焉能乎:明者不自是,自是则不明。彰者不自见,自见则不彰。自伐者往往无功,有功者物莫能掩,何用伐为?自矜者往往无长,有长者人自敬服,奚用矜为?若不信无为自然之道,不知莫之为而为,莫之致而致,致为皆听诸天,何等自在!行乎不得不行,止乎不得不止,行止浑于无心,何等安然!倘不知虚而无朕,即是大而能容,或加一意,参一见,若食者之过饱,行者之过劳,非徒无益而又害之。学者须顺天德之无违,循物理之自得,不惟人不可参杂作为于其间,即物亦当听其安闲。调其饮食,苟稍不得其宜,越乎常度,或多食之,或苦行之——如犬之过饱则伤,牛之过劳则困——是亦不安于内而有恶于己焉。故曰:“物或恶之。”彼矫揉造作,以期能立能行,昭明表彰,功堪动人,长可迈众者,断断乎其难之也。有道之君子,深为鄙之,不屑处己。 此希言自然,不外一个清净。何谓清,一念不起时也。何谓净?纤尘不染候也。总要此心如明镜无尘,如止水无波,只一片空洞了灵之神,即清净矣。倘若世之庸夫俗子,昏昏罔罔,终日无一事为,即非清净。惟清中有光,净中有景,不啻澄潭明月,一片光华,乃得清净之实。若有一毫自见自是,自伐自矜之意,便是障碍。所以学道人务使心怀浩荡,无一事一物扰我心头、据我灵府,久久涵养,一点灵光普照,恍如日月之在天,无微不入焉。只怕一念之明,复一念之肆,则明者不常明矣。昔孟子之所长,在于养气,气不动则神自灵,神灵则心自泰,故不曰养心而曰养气,诚以志一则动气,气一则动志也。苟不求养气而徒曰养心,无惑乎终身不得其心之宁者多矣。心果清净,真阳自生。一切升降运行,顺其自然为要。如跂者必使之立,跨者必使之行,余食过饱,赘行过劳,皆未得其当,物犹恶之,而况人乎?是以有道之君子,不忍出此也。
魏源《老子本义》(清)
焦氏宏曰。取。如左传取我田畴而伍之。史记取高皇帝约束而纷更之之取。源案巳语词。为谓作为也。执。谓把持也。譬如陶器。不因其自然而强欲其成。必致窳败。譬如执宝。把持不肯释手。惟恐其失。而反或堕坠。而况天下之器神器乎。神器者。天命人心。去就靡常。不可人力争。故神之也。行者不期物之随。而或自随之。是不为者未尝不得。呴本期物之受。或反不受而吹之。是为者反未必得也。或强以自固。而有时自羸。或载之甚安。而不意忽隳。是执之者未必不失也。是以圣人之待物。则去其已甚而不敢过求。持己。则去其奢泰而不敢过望。是以争竞与盛满之患。不生于心。未尝谋物而物自归之。未尝留物而物自不去也。薄氏蕙曰。物各有自然之性。岂可作为以害之。是以圣人去甚去奢去泰。惟因其自然而已。圣人所谓甚奢泰者。非谓后世夸淫踰侈之事。凡增有为于易简之外者皆是也。汉书黄霸传。凡治道。去其太甚者耳。其言本此。而意实不同。事有太过者去之。小而无害。则不必改作。此汉人之意也。物有固然。不可强为。事有适当。不可复过。此老子之本意也。陆氏佃曰。去甚。慈也。去奢。俭也。去泰。不敢为天下先也。三者圣人之所以有天下也。吕氏惠卿曰。老子言取天下常以无事。无事者因万物之自然而不敢为。故能得天下之心而使之不去。非有以为之也。惟道可以御器。天下之器神器也。非神道无以御之。神无思也。无为也。而为之。则御非其道矣。圣人去甚去奢去泰。凡所以辅万物之自然而不敢为也。}}
马王堆帛书异文(西汉)
炊者不立,自视不彰,自见者不明,自伐者无功,自矜者不长。
郭店楚简异文(战国)
此章缺
老子想尔注(东汉·张陵/张道陵)
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道德真经指归(汉·严遵)
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临川集·老子注(宋·王安石)
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多语言译本 / Multilingual Translations
D.C. Lau 刘殿爵(香港汉学家)
He who tiptoes cannot stand; he who strides cannot walk. He who shows himself is not conspicuous; He who considers himself right is not illustrious; He who brags will have no merit; He who boasts will not endure. From the point of view of the way these are 'excessive food and useless excresences'. As there are Things that detest them, he who has the way does not abide in them.
Robert Henricks(马王堆帛书研究专家)
1. One who boasts is not established; 2. One who shows himself off does not become prominent; 3. One who puts himself on display does not brightly shine; 4. One who brags about himself gests no credit; 5. One who praises himself does not long endure. 6. In the Way, such things are called: 7. "Surplus food and redundant action." 8. And with things — there are those who hate them. 9. Therefore, the one with the Way in them does not dwell.
Addiss & Lombardo
On tiptoe, one does not stand. Striding, one does not go forward. Showing oneself, one is not enlightened. Justifying oneself, one is not distinguished. Boasting, one has no merit. Bragging, one does not endure. From the way's perspective, this is called extra food and action. All things detest it. Therefore those with the way do not dwell in it.
Arthur Waley 亚瑟·韦利(英国汉学家经典译本)
'He who stands on tip-toe, does not stand firm; He who takes the longest strides, does not walk the fastest." He who does his own looking sees little, He who defines himself is not therefore distinct. He who boasts of what he will do succeeds in nothing; He who is proud of his work, achieves nothing that endures. Of these, from the standpoint of the Way, it is said: "Pass round superfluous dishes to those that have already had enough, And no creature but will reject them in disgust." That is why he that possesses Tao does not linger.
Lin Yutang 林语堂(中国学者英译)
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Stephen Mitchell(现代流行译本)
He who stands on tiptoe doesn't stand firm. He who rushes ahead doesn't go far. He who tries to shine dims his own light. He who defines himself can't know who he really is. He who has power over others can't empower himself. He who clings to his work will create nothing that endures. If you want to accord with the Tao, just do your job, then let go.
日本語訳 Japanese Translation
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